English 102 - Research Paper - Videogames and Art

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The advent of any new form of media carries with it the introduction of debate. Can film ever carry a story as well as literature? Will a soundtrack ever incite the same emotions as a symphony? As time passes, the debate settles, and the lines are drawn for that particular medium. Videogames, the relatively young form of media that they are, are still wavering amidst the debate that previously surrounded other forms of entertainment. In particular, videogames face the same difficult views that accompanied theater, and ultimately film, during their respective times of origin. While film and theater have rooted themselves within our culture, and have taken favor by those who would deem each medium a form of art, videogames still face a strong opposition. Those who feel videogames are either unworthy or unfit to be critiqued and appreciated as an art form weigh heavily on the issue, and their opinions sway an obvious majority to their cause. Unfortunately for those hoping to halt the artistic appreciation of videogames, the undeniable presence of art in all facets of videogames, be it creation, the end product, or the experience of play, proves that videogames are a new and emerging art form.


The traditional brushstroke style of Capcom’s Okami surely deserves praise as an amazing piece of artwork.

The first appearance of art within a videogame is noted before the game is even a playable product. The creation of a videogame requires the presence of an artist from as early as the concept stage. Artists contribute to key moments in the creation of a game, whether as concept artists, character artists, animators, or level designers. (McCarthy 100) Artists also deliver to more than the visual aspect of a game, as composers often deliver the sound effects and music, and occasionally a game that offers a heavily scripted narrative or numerous dialogue situations will find it requiring input from authors and screenwriters. (McCarthy 110, 120) Videogames and film share an uncanny bond in these early development stages, and most likely for that reason, some of the world’s most famous film makers are venturing into video game creation. Steven Spielberg, director of Schindler’s List and Jaws, and Peter Jackson, director of King Kong and The Lord of the Rings are two of films most beloved directors, and they’ve both entered the realm of video game creation. (Tornquist)

The unfortunate truth is that while artists may help in the creation of videogames, that doesn’t necessarily determine that games can stand their ground as an art form. Artists may also help create the layouts for newspapers, and contribute to numerous other affairs not necessarily respected as art, but that has had little impact on proving that a newspaper is a piece of art. Luckily, while a newspaper might not be deemed art-worthy by appearance, that doesn’t mean the writing contained within isn’t art. The same can be said for videogames. The inclusion of artists doesn’t necessarily demand that a game is art, but the product and content they deliver, is luckily another consideration.


The acid-trip like visuals of Rez pulse and react to the players input and the accompanying soundtrack.

The final product delivered in a videogame is literally boasting of its artwork immediately. As soon as a game is placed on the shelf, the artwork on the case captures the eye of the consumer, and ultimately the visuals of the game itself are built around delivering the most impressive product as possible. Whether a game is stylized, realistic, or abstract, videogames represent art, and they represent a new, interactive form of art. Whether or not video games succeed in enrapturing the player isn’t necessarily important, as other forms of art can also fail in enticing particular audiences. The most important effort is that they make the attempt, and that is more than enough. As Dr. Henry Jenkins, Director of MIT’s Comparative Media Studies Department, states in the preface to Nic Kelman’s Game Art:

“Video and computer games, as we currently understand them, constitute art. I emphasize the phrase, “as we currently understand them,” because there are many more critics who have been willing to see games as a potential art from, seeing there the building blocks of something great and wonderful which we will see some day. For them, games can become art when they assume serious purposes, when they become meaningful activities, when our best artists build games, when we perfect the artificial intelligence, in short, when hell freezes over.”

Kelman argues that videogames are art in all their forms, simple or complex, as game designers are gifted craftsmen who construct compelling and visually fascinating worlds deploying skills which we would see as artful if applied in any other context, and that video games are also constructing meaningful experiences which tap deep chords within our culture, in part because they are carrying on timeless functions previously associated with myths and legends. (Kelman 8-9)


The abstract premise of Katamari Damacy: The Prince of all Cosmos endeavors to literally roll up the world.

The particular praise that Kelman attributes to videogame worlds is noteworthy, yet there is an attribute of videogames that hinders their appreciation as art. That attribute is interactivity. Interactive art is a relatively newly birthed creation, and as such, it doesn’t necessarily help that video games are rarely enjoyed by anyone more than the player. Those not experiencing a videogame through gameplay are restricted in a similar fashion as those watching a film, compared to those determining the events and situations present in the game world. This notion of videogames is what allows many critics to state that they can never be a true art form.

Those same critics should reconsider, as they are forgetting the most important aspect of interactivity. Interactivity marks a crucial distinction between decidedly non-interactive mass art forms such as film, novels, and recorded music and new interactive mass art forms. (Smuts) Interactivity is actually delivering an experience, one that could possibly be more artistic in nature than any medium that has come before us to date. The experience of traversing a game world leaves a respect of all the various outlets of artwork within a game. Players are subconsciously forced to take notice of the choices made by artists at the original concept stage, those being shown in gameplay and the overall style of the game world. Then, the art contained within the overall product of the game, thus leaving them noticing the visuals, details, and story. Ultimately, the binding of these various layers of art allows videogames to define themselves as not only an art form, but through delivering a lasting, interactive experience, they could become the most important art form of the future.


In Shadow of the Colossus, players are forced to emotionally slay mythic beasts that have caused no harm.

Where videogames lead art is knowledge that no one is privy to as of yet, but it is interesting to see that they first face the same questions that have surrounded other art forms for all of history. The philosophy of art is laden with issues surrounding definition, and videogames are obviously no different. The debate surrounding games has led to the redefining of terms such as ‘interactivity’, ‘videogames’, and even ‘game’ itself. (Smuts) The weighty discussion on these terms is proving that the critics unhappy with the notion of respecting videogames as art are already facing difficulty in voicing their opinions with concrete proof.

The gaps within the academic definitions of terms like “videogame” have left scholars and philosophers with much debate still necessary to classify games as an art form, and even what particular form of art games should be considered. Are they more closely related to film, or are they similar to performance arts, such as dance? Perhaps they are more akin to competitive sports and games like diving and chess? (Smuts) Videogame creators seem content to leave this debate to those willing to participate, and some have gone as far as to deem that they are striving not for art in their creations, but for enjoyment. Hideo Kojima, creator of the Metal Gear Solid series of games, said, "Art is something that radiates the artist, the person who creates that piece of art. If 100 people walk by and a single person is captivated by whatever that piece radiates, it's art. But videogames aren't trying to capture one person. A videogame should make sure that all 100 people that play that game should enjoy the service provided by that videogame. It's something of a service. It's not art. But I guess the way of providing service with that videogame is an artistic style, a form of art." (Graft) This definition deems that games should be considered a product first, before they are deemed an art form. While Kojima may feel this way, the actual truth lies in the various examples games set forth.


Realism in games is brought to the forefront of importance in Epic’s grizzly space shooter Gears of War.

The artistic endeavors of games have spawned numerous examples of which traditional art has been called upon to continue an idea, story, or visual that was originally created within a videogame. If games aren’t worthy to be deemed art, how could they possibly carry such ramifications within the artistic world? Traditional art galleries have given forth their space to “I AM 8 BIT”, an annual art show dedicated to video games. (I AM 8 BIT) Film has been literally overrun by projects based on the worlds created within videogames, including movies based on the games Silent Hill, Resident Evil, Castlevania, and Halo, the game whose sequel Halo 2, sold $125 million worth of copies within its first 24 hours available, thus making it the single fastest selling piece of entertainment the world has ever seen. (Smith) Literature, comics, and music have also all seen their share of projects based on videogames.

The debate of videogames and art will undoubtedly wage on, regardless of the respect shown to videogames through other, more traditional forms of art. Some will forever deem videogames as mindless, and even damaging to children. Some still believe that videogames are created specifically for children and not for adults as well. As clear as some of the evidence supporting the labeling of videogames as art may be, the proponents of traditional art forms will undoubtedly face difficulty in admitting that what started with something as simple as Pong, has become much more than anyone could have ever suspected. The inclusion of art in the creation of videogames, the resulted product that showcases art and the experience of artistic integrity that results in playing videogames is all proof enough that videogames are more than the hobbies and passions of children and those who refuse to “grow up.” From the philosophers attempting to properly define “videogame,” to the swaying of the entire entertainment industry, videogames demand a certain level of respect, and hopefully, the eventual proclamation, and subsequent reward of videogames as art will fulfill this. Whether this will occur or not is undeniable. The proof is too substantial, and too promising for videogames to be stricken from academic critique. The only realistic question that can still be raised about video games being considered art, is: When?


From the birth of videogames to the very finish, Nintendo’s beloved Mario will be present to account for it all.

Works Cited:

McCarthy, David, Ste Curran, and Simon Byron. The Art of Producing Games. Boston: Course PTR, 2005.

Tornquist, Ragnar. RagnarTornquist.com. 03 Oct 2006. 17 Nov 2006 http://ragnartornquist.com/?p=211.

Kelman, Nic. Game Art. New York: Assouline Publishing, 2005.

Smuts, Aaron. "Video Gams and the Philosophy of Art." Aesthetics Online. Aesthetics Online. 17 Nov 2006 http://www.aesthetics-online.org/ideas/smuts.html.

Graft, Kris. "Kojima: 'Games Are Not Art'." Next Generation. 22 Jan 2006. Next Generation. 17 Nov 2006 http://www.next-gen.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2098&Itemid=2.

"I AM 8 BIT." I AM 8 BIT. 4. 17 Nov 2006 http://www.iam8bit.net/.

Smith, David. "Halo 2 In The Sales Record Books." 1UP. 10 Nov 2004. Ziff Davis Media. 17 Nov 2006 http://www.1up.com/do/newsStory?cId=3136413.

Note: The transfer from Word document to an internet post is responsible for the removing of occasional italics and other aspects of the original work. As well as the degradation of picture quality.

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116 Comments:

  1. Unknown said...
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    IMO videogames are the pinnacle of art.
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    Captain Melons said...
    10:02 PM
    Hey, interesting post to a long running debate. You might want to check out film critic Roger Emerson's thoughts on the issue as well as Ebert's for added perspective if nothing else.

    I'm still in the camp that videogames have potential to be art but aren't there yet. The problem for me comes down to the emotional response we have to art--I've never played a videogame (and I've played many) that evoked anything other than the joy of victory and the frustration of defeat. I've never played a game that made me cry, and I've never played a game where I cared about the characters involved (although I admit the FF series has come close)

    Videogames crosses genres just as Film, Literature, Dance, Music, and Visual Art does, but so far I'd say that almost all games fall into one of two categories--those with narratives, and puzzle games, many obviously mixing the two. There has been no 'movements' in games--Impressionism, Realism, Romanticism, Modernism, etc. all of which have to do with the emotional response we as the audience have as well as the authorial intentions.

    A definition of art is elusive, but to me it's something that makes me look at reality with a different perspective, understand the world in a new way, that reveals an emotional truth to me I hadn't seen before. What videogame has done this?

    So far videogames have been a primarily commercial venture, and I think that may be part of the problem--EA from what I hear practically runs a sweatshop churning out game after mediocre game. I see hope in the rise of flash-based games, though it's still in its infancy.

    Regarding your comments about the nature of interactivity--yes, I think interactivity could transform the way we think about art, (and I disagree with you that a novel or a film is a passive art form--if they are really art, they will require the reader/viewer to think about them and respond in some way, even if it's only to oneself) but so far that interactivity has been extremely limited--what I mean is that our interactions ought to cause reactions/responses we don't expect yet that still make sense. An rpg for example, in which our good intentions lead to disasterous consequences. The other problem regarding interactivity is that it brings us too close to the medium itself--up till now anything civilization has considered art has required a certain degree of distance between viewer and the form--interactivity closes that gap, and then what are we? Are we creating the art (e.g. we control our characters in the game or the puzzle pieces as they fall)? Then what is the art? The game is providing us the tool to make our own, like a set of paintbrushes. I think this problem can be worked out though I don't have the answer for it, except to say that interactivity needs to be seen as a tool in the artist's box rather than an endpoint.

    Winning and losing is another problem--in the established forms, the viewer/reader never wins or loses, he simply experiences and reflects upon. There aren't many videogames out there that do this (would such a videogame even sell?)

    Art can be purely aesthetic as well, but I wonder who would buy a game that had no plot, no beginning and end? And if it's left to the player to transform/manipulate the art, isn't he then the artist? The game just a means to an end, and not a piece of art in of itself?

    My apologies for being scattered--I'm interested in this topic because I enjoy videogames, but not for the same reasons I enjoy a good film or novel.
    Anonymous said...
    3:53 PM
    Since I think its cool that you're even attempting this topic, I'd like to jump right in and be coffee-fueled blunt:

    I think there is something of a void in this article located around the statement, “The traditional brushstroke style of Capcom’s Okami surely deserves praise as an amazing piece of artwork.” Speaking as an artist, the use of a blurry screen cap and the words “surely deserves praise” is not a very solid framework to hang your argument. The quotes are not the art right? Note how little specific video games are brought up in the article? The games are, so my biggest problem with the article is that is is really dodging the hard work of treating the games themselves as art.

    Namely, if I can be an old-foggie and use an analogy with anime back in the early ‘90s when no one wanted to call that art either: I could argue with someone until I was blue in the face, citing famous scientists, artists, researchers about why animation is art and never make any headway. Yet after years of all of that theoretical wrangling, I realized that all I ever had to do was throw my Akira VHS into the player, get a couple of beers, shut up and make them sit through the movie. Presto-- no more argument.

    Now I should be clear, most people would assume I'm saying "Akira is such great *animation* that shatters your preconceptions or *art*." But that's not it. What happens is that Akira is a solid *movie* and in being that shares basic cinematic/artistic lingo, even if it's style is still anime as hell. So what happens is that hypothetical former-skeptic can "read" anime now, and as such begin to discuss it.

    That's why it's art-- not because artists work on it, not because it is illuminatingly genius, but because it is metacritical enough (note: I am ardently avoiding using the word "conventional" because even the most avant works of good art are steeped in self-awareness) that we as viewers can have a discussion about it's effects, whether we're in the subculture or not. Miyazaki is like this too-- his work is so palpably deliberate and aware that anime fan or not, child or adult, we're all given good purchase to engage the work. Whether we agree or not, we can dig in and attempt to read what was said.

    Maybe I just missed it, but aside from the creator of Metal Gear, I don’t even think there is a definition of art in the essay.

    So my issue with this essay is that instead of engaging the works-- in effect giving a demonstration on how to treat as art this fledgling medium called "video games," the essay is filled to a bunch of hypothetical arguments, tangental quotes, and the occasional screen-cap with a trite statement underneath. I mean, to put it another way, if Okami is such "amazing" art why isn’t it quoted, like you’d quote Dickens or mention Picaso’s deconstruction of space or Pollock’s use of industrial metallic paints? I want to be privy to how that judgment of “amazing” was made, so that even if I don’t agree, I can follow your logic.

    What specifically makes any of these games amazing? Because, you know what, it's not that Okami is all that radical in it's controls. [To be glib] “Wahoo, I can make a straight line with the control and it's shaped like a brush stroke...” As someone who can passably paint, having ten very limited motions to make on the screen is not very engaging. What is interesting is the way that the game functions interact with the way the narrative engage Japanese historical-mythical subjects and styles and the friction created by the game being at the cutting edge of contemporary technology. i.e. how do I, the player, act in this the new idiosyncratic realm of Japanese spirits and gods the digital-virtual of there booming techno-culture?

    I know I'm skirting around the whole "interactive" argument, but maybe that is the point that, being an RPG fan, video games I like are weakest in? I mean, they do a great job telling a story with sumptuous/quirky visuals, but often RPGs (like Okami or Final Fantasy 6) are roughly as "interactive" as a choose your own adventure book. "For more story, press X".

    But then again, I think a deep *reading* of Katamari Damasi would probably provide a good foundation for criteria of interactivity. And to venture a guess, interactivity will have a very strong tie to visual responsiveness, given that games are so visually oriented.
    However, to take great care in a reading of Everquest in it's *socio-historical* timeframe would be smart, as would a reading of WoW, since these two MMORPGs are very different that Katamari, but still very interactive. Also, they’re interesting because those games so clearly "mean" something to their hardcore players.

    I think it would be even easier to make the arguments and critiques with games of varying sophistication-- from "Zork" to "Myst" to "Sim City" to "Zelda" onward to “Second Life”. Again, just a suspicion, but the word "adventure" (in regards to interactivity being the suggestion of the "possible" that occurs just off-screen) might be a main thread... But again, these arguments will make sense more within a context of multiple reads of video games (the difference between Okami and Katamari), which would be very much like how an art critique would go. If you want them to be art, you have to treat them as art...

    Anyway thanks for posting up your article!
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